Psychology, Perception Easy For The People - 917 Words

Daniel Kahneman’s aim in this book is to make psychology, perception easy for the people to grasp. This book is mainly discussing the issues related to the assumptions, we human’s make without thinking through carefully. Daniel really does a great job discussing the problems due to human irrationality. The first portion of the book is dedicated for an example. The example starts off by labeling the two parts of the brain as â€Å"System 1† and â€Å"System 2†. System 1 is set as the â€Å"intuition part†, which acts instantaneously, requires less or no effort at all. It operates automatically and is without logic. System 1 focuses only on one side and cannot see the other side, tries to reach a conclusion as quick as possible. On the other hand, System 2 is cautious, rational but lazy. It takes it’s time but involves logic unlike System 1. This example shows the two kinds of people in this world. After numerous experiments and effort, Kahnema n states that how easily humans are able to overlook the machinery within the brain. The simple reason behind this problem is that the brain is a pattern seeker by nature, and because of this reason, we humans are not able to think statistically. The most interesting part of the book was taming intuition. Kahneman says that betting on intuition always is not a good idea. Intuition takes cues from previous experiences, so it would be a better choice for system 2 to take the charge. There is no particular percentage of people who will be affectedShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology Current Events1003 Words   |  5 PagesChristen See Social Psychology: The Economic Recession According to the financial definition, a recession is a significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a countrys GDP. (Dictionary.com) A less official and more realistic definition of an economicRead MorePersonal Experience: A Social Pyschology Class1159 Words   |  5 PagesTaking a course in social psychology has helped my understanding of what is going on in the world around me. As a psychology major, I’m intrigued to see each new concept present in my life somewhere. Coming to college allowed me to be around a lot more people and to seek out the things that Im learning. Being a freshman, I am similar to everyone in their first year of college in my attempt to try to find myself and make new friends. However, â€Å"finding yourself,† seems like a nearly impossible taskRead MoreCareer Goals : My Career Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAs a student of psychology, my career assessments test showed me many options for my career goal path. For starters, my career interest profile results are broken into six main categories which are: social, artistic, investigative, enterprising, realistic, and conventional. According to my results, my career matches are as followed: preschool, primary, secondary, and special education teacher. I am 28% social, 22% artistic, 17% investigative, 11% enterprising, 10% realistic, and 9% realistic. AccordingRead MoreRelationship Between Drug And Alcohol884 Words   |  4 Pagesone should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learned how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism have also been known to be hereditary from theRead MorePersuasive Speech : Texting While Driving1120 Words   |  5 Pagesmost likely illegal, distracting, and endangers all those around you. Introduction In today’s culture, we can receive information with just the click of a button from a device in our pocket. Texting is an easy and fast way to communicate and give information to other people. Unfortunately, people choose to text while driving, endangering those around them. Today I will share with you the dangers of texting while driving, why you should not engage in it, and how it relates to the public affairs missionRead MoreEthnic Group Conflict: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict1445 Words   |  6 PagesSocial perception is powerfully mediated by cultural conformity, especially when it concerns religious beliefs. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict demonstrates this concept vividly. Both sides harbor antagonistic social perceptions against each other. Only by changing these perceptions can a reconciliation be reached. The opposing views result in a biased lens, which only serves to uphold the traditionally held generalities each culture has of the other. Even though re ligion is a primary themeRead MoreInside Sport Pschology830 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Inside Sport Psychology examines different sport psychology elements that can be transferred into every day coaching. Costas Karageorghis and Peter Terry discuss sports applications that prove helpful to coaches, athletes, team managers as well as students of sports psychology. The applications that are presented are applicable on the sports field in addition to other areas of our lives. Because athletes recognise the effect of psychology, many feel as if they have no or little controlRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MoreLikes and Dislikes Related to Psychology Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesMichelle Rissman My Love For The Beach Strayer University PSY 105 July 26, 2012 Psychology plays a role in each persons life. Liking or disliking something is based on each person. The reasons we like or dislike something have psychological reasons. I will discuss my love for family beach days and why I love family beach days. Through this explanation it will be easy to determine how psychology plays a role in how and why. The amazing smell of salt, wetness, and greasy food. The soundsRead MoreFritz Heiders Influence Of Social Psychology884 Words   |  4 PagesAt the beginning of the 1900s, Social Psychology was in its infancy as psychologists studied individuals and how they thought, felt, and behaved in their social environment. Scientific methods were developed to describe, capture, and measure social relationships and their influence. Fritz Heider was such a psychologists and his work still influences social psychology and its research today. Judgement of conduct, a current study by Dr. Wong Yee Cheung, is influenced by the work of Heider. The work

Immanuel Kants Labors on Defending the Rights of Women

After all my labors on defending the rights of women I have faced much opposition and resistance. Recently I happened upon a curious work by Immanuel Kant, which, perhaps unintentionally, perfectly illustrates my main point that women must be treated differently and must be allowed equal opportunities and education as men. We are human beings and as such we are rational beings. Our rationality should enable us to obtain a character, a virtue, and to improve, just like a man can; there is nothing different about the character or soul of a man that women lack so as to let only men accomplish moral virtue. Yet in our society, men treat women as toys, a mere tool for pleasure, and leave them no option to become anything more. Women in our society therefore are just not considered human beings. According to the principles of morality outlined by Kant, men’s treating us like a means to pleasure is immoral, but women not asking for more and allowing men to treat them so, is no less i mmoral. We must ask for equal educational opportunities to allow women to exercise their reason, open them up to virtue and morality, and we will have a more moral society composed of women who demand to be treated as ends in themselves and men who treat women in such manner. Let us outline the main ideas of Kant’s work, which sets out to establish that the universal principles of morality exist. One of the fundamental concepts Kant draws on is that all human beings possess reason: this reason is whatShow MoreRelated America Is A Nation of Immigrants Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagessuch as a spouse, child, or sibling. Employment-based immigrants total 140,000 each year. This means that they are, â€Å"skilled professionals with exceptional ability and other priority workers, immigrating to jobs for which the U.S. Department of Labor has certified that no qualified U.S. worker is available† (â€Å"Legal Immigration to the United States†). Contrary to popular belief, only 1% of the population constitutes illegal immigrants. People commonly view these immigrants as â€Å"dirty Mexicans†Read More Ethical Theories  and Major Moral Principles Essay5111 Words   |  21 Pagesto understand the idea of an ethical theory. An ethical theory is a theory about what makes an action or set of actions morally right or wrong. In ethical theory we generally look for a key principle(s) of right action, which can then be applied in concrete situations. For example, in Platos book,  The Republic, Cephalus, an elderly business man, makes the claim that right action consists in nothing more nor less than telling the truth and paying back anything we may have received. (I.331 a). ThisRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 PagesAbstract Purpose  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The article aims to provide a discussion of societal norms concerning â€Å"attractiveness,† the existence of appearance discrimination in employment, the presence of â€Å"preferring the pretty†, and then the authors examine important civil rights laws that relate to such forms of discrimination. Finally, the authors apply ethical theories to determine whether such discrimination can be seen as moral or immoral. Design/methodology/approach  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is a legal paper which covers all the laws

Marketing Analysis on Facebook Inc.

Question: 1. What marketing strategy or strategies has Facebook adopted since it was created? Answer this question by applying one or more of the theoretical approaches discussed in the course. 2. What marketing options can you describe for Facebook if it wishes to remain a successful organisation throughout the next decade? Answer this question based on the circumstances that exist in 2014 and your best forecasts of relevant future industry factors Answer: Introduction: Social Media has evolved as the modern resource in the hands of the common man belonging to the digital age, to keep in touch with his near and dear ones. This medium of interaction has grabbed lot of popularity all around the world, all due to its convenient and free of cost social interaction which has enabled to its end users to keep in touch with their friends across globe on a continuous basis. Face book Inc. provides one such user friendly and convenient social media platform, to its one billion users that enable easy real time interaction between all the related social groups and friends at no additional costs than setting up an internet connection. The users of the Face book services have to create their respective profiles on the social media site face book, by posting few of the mandatory information. The viral nature of the social media has the capability of spreading out real time social information within the users own network. Further, the individuals reading the users post also have the option of sharing the information ahead to their group of friends. Thus, any information posted by the user reaches the other people in his network within a fraction of seconds. This sharing of social information is the key concept that keeps several of the face book users hooked to this platform. Background to the Company Face book was launched in the year 2004 by its founder Mark Zukerberg that initially offered social networking service to a close group of Harvard University students. Currently the company has one billion registered users availing virtual social networking facilities through this website. The company handles large volume of social data posted by its users and maintains strict compliance with its privacy policies that supports its user base. The company became publicly listed on the stock markets in the year 2012 and launched its Initial Public offering in February 2012. The stock of this company received tremendous response from the public that reached its peak market capitalization of dollar 104 billion within three months of public offering. In the year 2012, the companys CEO was ranked in the top 10 worlds billionaires.The core webpage of Face book offers simple and user friendly content to its users. The users having no technical knowledge or web knowledge are also in position t o easily adapt to the amazingly simple user interface of this website. The company as of today highly influences on personal and social relationships in context to the web behavior of its registered users. The companys marketing and branding strategies of attracting more and more registered users are thus revolved around the web behavior of the people. Personal Branding is a very prominent factor that has helped sustain the popularity of the Face book platform, allowing its users to constantly stay in touch with their relatives, friends and acquaintances located in any part of the globe (Whadcock, 2010).The Face books business has grown tremendously in the recent past. The Revenues of this company have surged by approximately 60 percent in the last nine months and the companys spokes personnel expect this impressive growth to continue in the near future. Apart from its core website, the company has other additional platforms that make it a market leader in the virtual social network ing business. These additional platforms include Instagram, WhatsApp, Messenger and Search applications. Marketing Analysis The Marketing strategy implemented by the company Face book Inc., have always been closely associated with the attraction of maximum customers and keeping the customers regularly hooked to the website. This strategy was intended to achieve instantaneous popularity to the website and that would be reflected in the companys bottom line. The company face book Inc. had never invested in any of the heavy promotional activities. The company was an instant hit since its inception and had never designed any major ad campaigns. The sheer business model of allowing personal branding on a virtual media helped the user base growth for face book (Jurevicius, 2013). 1) The Nature of Face books Marketing Strategy or Strategies since it began. Let us understand the key Marketing Strategies adopted by face book since its inception in the year 2004- i. Word of Mouth Promotion The publicity of the social networking site Face book, was mainly on account of tremendous word of mouth publicity by the existing users of the Face book that raved to their acquaintances and close friends about the features and usability of this site. ii. Publicity in the MediaThis is one of the prominent marketing activities and one of the most applied strategies by Face book since it began operations. The huge media coverage given to the innovator business model Face book helped a lot in the companys promotion. The Company face book also intently shared its success story through a huge number of television interviews and print media articles. iii. Third Party Promotions (through advertisers) we will take example of KIA campaign to explain how face book marketed its presence in association with third party advertisers. KIA motors, a Korean company had launched I Like campaign in association with face book. This campaign was indeed to strengthen the brand image of KIA motors and build an emotional relationship with public through the Fan Page of Face book (Klein, 2014). iv. Introduction of real time social online gaming activities This was one of the unique features offered by Face book that competed with the prevailing online gaming websites. There used to be several online gaming websites that allowed single users to play multiple online games. But Face book introduced the concept of social gaming that allowed multiple friends across the globe to share a single online gaming screen. This feature immensely increased the popularity of Face book and attracted more registered users. v. Introduction of Face book Music Service toolThis is another innovative feature of the Face book that attracted huge users on Face book. The launch of the music streaming service through its Music Service tool with attractive features attracted a lot of music lovers to the plat form. 3 Strategic Marketing Options for Face book moving forward: Let us undertake a Porters 5 forces analysis to gauge strategies for Face book business to move forward with the prevailing cut throat competition in the social networking business (Trefis, 2014): 1. The intensity of rivalry among the established firms is expected to be at moderate to high level in the near future, as a large number of existing competitors like Google plus is providing full featured social networking platforms on web as well as through new mobile applications. 2. The Bargaining power of the Buyers is extremely high as the users may easily switch to the competitor platforms, without any switching costs. 3. The Risk of entry by the potential competitors is moderate as the rapidly evolving technological advancement may attract new innovative players to enter the social networking business. 4. The Bargaining Power of the suppliers for the Face books business would be low as the Face book would be a prominent customer for these hardware and software suppliers. 5. The Threat of the substitute products may be moderate to high due to the constant evolution of the technological landscape and development of alternative mobile applications to face books business. The careful study and analysis of the business landscape and marketing strategies of the company-Face book, has clearly indicated the following are the List of strategic Marketing options for the Company Face Book to remain competitive and move forward in the virtual social networking business: 1. Including a More user friendly and effective social search tool. The company may also introduce more user friendly and effective social search tools in their core web pages to stay competitive in their business. The users for example should be able to search most visited hang outs and most preferred costumes by their list of friends (Mourdoukoutas, 2014). 2. Creation of additional value for advertisers The company is expected to face tremendous business competition in the near future and can use effective marketing strategies like promoting its social networking platforms through third party advertisers to avert the business competition. The advertisers tying up with face book for web promotions may also have the option to have in store Face book merchandise as cross-promotional activity. 3. Continuously innovate its offerings to the end users and adapting to changing user trends- The social networking business is gradually becoming highly competitive due to the introduction of new technologies in the market. The Face books business would require to accordingly matching its user expectations to keep the users stable and engaged on the Face Book Platform. This business would clearly require an effective pull marketing strategy that keeps the users hooked to face book screen. This would be only possible by continuously updated to new technology and adapting to changing user trends thorough innovative applications. 4. Effective development of Mobile device compliance and overall platform development for face book The number of users opting for face book usage on mobile devices is increasing day by day. The overall platform development and achieving technological competence in terms of mobile device technology are the two key areas that would support the future competitive strategy and indirectly the marketing strategy of the company face book (Mourdoukoutas, 2014). Conclusion: Overall, the Face books marketing strategy is revolved around promoting its users posted content and also giving a social spin to the content posted by the commercial entities on Face book page. The Company face book Incorporation is the most visited social networking site on the internet. The companys high dedication to the mobile and web globalization and its right timing in entering the virtual social networking business has made the company successful. The companys marketing and business strategy was also supported by the first mover advantage that the company got in exploring the virtual social networking world enabled due to high technological advancement of the twenty first century. Thus, the companys simple business model enabled its business to multiply quickly without using any of the direct marketing or heavy promotional strategies.Face book has already become a part and parcel of every common web user and is extremely popular connectivity tool between various social group s. The user friendly and simple appearance of the user interface screen of this website has further attracted the senior generation web users apart from the generation X and Y users. The Face books business hence forth would be showered with additional responsibilities in order to protect its current users from switching to another social media website/application. References: Distaso Marcia and McCorkindale Tina, 2013, A Benchmark Analysis of the Strategic use of Social Media for Fortunes most admired U.S. companies, Public Relations society of America, Journal vol.7, No. 1, ISSN 1942- 4604. Fair Lindsey, 2011, Face Book may be in the lead, but theres a storm in the forecast, Cape Breton University, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.academia.edu/4666187/Facebook_may_be_in_the_lead_but_theres_a_storm_in_the_forecast Jurevicius Ovidijus, 2013, SWOT analysis of Face book, Strategic Management Insight, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/facebook-swot-analysis.html Klein Karen, 2014, The End of Free Facebook Marketing? Bloomberg Business Week, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/the-end-of-free-facebook-marketing Mourdoukoutas Panos, 2014, Whats Wrong with Facebooks Business Model and Innovation Strategy? Forbes, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2014/02/23/whats-wrong-with-facebooks-business-model-and-innovation-strategy/ Stelzner Michael, 2014, Social Media Marketing Industry Report, Social Media Examiner, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/SocialMediaMarketingIndustryReport2014.pdf Team Trefis, 2014, Facebooks Mobile Business: Where is it headed? Forbes, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/03/25/facebooks-mobile-business-where-is-it-headed/ Team Trefis, 2014, Facebook through the lens of Porters Five Forces, Forbes, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/11/28/facebook-through-the-lens-of-porters-five-forces/ Whadcock Ian, 2010, Profiting from Friendship, The Economist, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://www.economist.com/node/15351026 Xiaoyan Hu, 2011, Social Media Business Model Analysis- Case Tencent, Face book and Myspace, Aalto University School of Economics, Retrieved on January 6th 2015, from https://epub.lib.aalto.fi/en/ethesis/pdf/12544/hse_ethesis_12544.pdf

Theatre Royal Drury Lane Essay Example For Students

Theatre Royal Drury Lane Essay On the 3rd of November, 2006 I saw The Producers at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane. The Producers is a west-end musical based on the 1968 film. It follows the story of two directors, Bialystock (played by Cory English) and Bloom (played by Reece Shearsmith) who attempt to put on a show that is a total flop, realizing they can make more money from a flop than a hit. The comic piece was extremely entertaining, being a visual excitement filled with hilarious moments.  The scene I will focus on is where Ulla (played by Rachel McDowell) auditions to be in the forthcoming musical singing her own song When youve got it, flaunt it. We will write a custom essay on Theatre Royal Drury Lane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A soft yellow/white wash swept the stage, which, when mixed with the more intense white wash, gave the effect of indoor lighting. Soft spotlights were shone into the centre of stage to focus the audiences attention to the action happening in the centre of the stage. At this focused centre stage, English and Shearsmith were seated on a copper-coloured sofa looking expectantly at McDowell, who was standing by a piano on stage right. To find her starting note, she plays a single note on the piano, but an entire scale of notes plays from the orchestra piano but looks like the notes came out of nowhere. English uncrossed his legs looking bewildered, and leered towards the piano to give the impression he was examining it. McDowell, however, remained innocent looking as if the occurrence was normal and shuffled slightly downstage as the audience laughed over the preceding event. Shearsmith looked towards English with an equally shocked but also questioning expression, as if to ask What just happened?. English shrugged as his reply and then granted permission for McDowell to begin her song with an encouraging gesture of slightly open arms. A simple tune accompanied McDowells voice in the first part of the song. The short notes in the music made the song very innocent-sounding and the simplicity worked as it contrasted to later parts of the song. Upon the words strut your stuff McDowell walked to center stage in four steps, timing each step with the four melodiously sweet beats that followed the sung line. A side step to stage left, and McDowell was by a desk, where she unfastened the single button on her coat and placed the coat on a desk in one swift movement. Throughout McDowells slow, but sure, travel from stage right to left, English and Shearsmith followed McDowell with their gaze, showing they were in awe of her beauty. Their simultaneous movements of head, eyes and shoulders was particularly amusing, as it showed how enthralled the characters were by this woman.  Ã‚  Impersonation is always a humorous technique to use in a performance and McDowell did a fabulous job of playing a Swedish lady. Visually, she was tall, beautiful with blonde hair; very stereotype of a Swedish woman. McDowell commanded her voice brilliantly to show a Swedish accent; vs were pronounced as ws and us were said for twice as long as would be regular.  Choreography and timing were key for entertainment in this point of the play and this was done brilliantly as McDowell continued her song-and-dance routine. On one beat, she thrust her chest at Shearsmiths eye level, to which Shearsmith widened his eyes. On the next beat, she rotated her hips outwards and Shearsmith averted his gaze to her bottom. Possibly the most comic moment of this sequence was the one that followed. McDowell turned to the two men and held out her hands in an almost patronizing stance of explanation and, with poor grammar, explained that now, Ulla dance. Shearsmith and English showed no response and were still transfixed by her; English even had his mouth hanging in a gaping drool. McDowell turned back towards the audience and looked very focused in the introducing drum beats of the dance. While the audience expected McDowell to then break into a breath-taking dance, she instead wobbled her hips very minimally to the music. The music then broke into a crescendo, to which McDowell jumped and shimmied to several times. This shaking of the breasts caused English to transform his gape into a disbelieving smile and Shearsmith to watch in an embarrassed arouse. .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .postImageUrl , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:hover , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:visited , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:active { border:0!important; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:active , .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4 .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue767a3f174909cf179e1e48c359632a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Techniques and a variety of body language EssayMcDowell shimmied towards centre stage and then took a seat in between the two men. She was now to continue her song with more intimacy with the two men, being so close to them. She is oblivious to Englishs perverse, whereas the audience realise it. This is a comic dramatic irony, where the audience laughed at the naivety of Ulla. McDowell then swung her leg slowly in the air, which gave a flash of her undergarments. Englishs head instantly dropped as he stared at her crotch. McDowell noticed this and then placed a finger on the underside of his chin, rising it up, so his gaze was no longer focussed on her crotch, and she let off a nervous laugh. Using repetition, McDowell later in the song was standing stage right and asked they two men if they remember when Ulla dance. They both replied concurrently with a prolonged, excited yes. McDowell then clapped her hands and gleefully stated Ulla dance again!.  This entire section was particularly amusing and extremely entertaining with its combination of costume, staging, impersonation, sexual humour, song and choreography. It was very unfortunate that The Producers closed on the west end, as it was a brilliantly done musical that shouldve run for ever and longer.

Ijtihad in Islamic Banking

Abstract Ijtihad has various definitions and meanings particularly drawn from the views of highly respected Muslim scholars and legal practitioners. However, the optimal individual effort in an action becomes distinct. The most important definition of Ijtihad is the optimal effort individual can put in an action.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ijtihad in Islamic Banking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With respect to the definition, Ijtihad is where the jurists spent optimal efforts to find a solution to rising issues that need immediate interpretation. Besides, Ijtihad majorly draws from the legal, religious and ethical values of Islam. In addition, Ijtihad must be based on the Shariah laws and principles. Moreover, Ijtihad has been practiced overtime and continuously being applied in various aspects within the Muslim society. Further, Ijtihad is considered the most dynamic source of Islamic laws. The attribut e makes Ijtihad to be the appropriate source of jurisprudence through which dynamic industries such as Islamic banking are based. Even though Shariah principles forms the main legal foundation in which most of Islamic banking products and services are based, Ijtihad enables the flexibility of the Shariah principles to suit the changing needs of the society. In other words, Ijtihad is the source of flexibility required in meeting the changing needs of the society. The paper will be examining Ijtihad, particularly the manner in which the concept is being applied in Islamic banking. Derived Definitions Ijtihad has various meanings within Islamic legal and practical spheres. The common applications of Ijtihad draw from the meaning of being independent reasoning. Within the Islamic legal spheres, Ijtihad means the maximum effort that an individual can put to achieve a particular result. In other words, Ijtihad is the utmost individual effort exerted in an action. Though various definitio ns of the term exist, the most commonly applied is the optimum effort a person can apply in an action (Kamali, 2003). In principle, all the available meanings point to the maximum individual effort that can be applied in an action. Besides, Ijtihad is considered as the personal effort in decision-making process within Islamic law or Shariah. Moreover, the decision-making process should be independent of any jurisprudence or school of thought. In order to have the capability of making independent decisions, Ijtihad majorly draws from the legal, religious and ethical values of Islam.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, Ijtihad majorly relies from theological knowledge, legal theories and ethical values that have been upheld within the Islamic society. Moreover, the decisions involving Ijtihad require exceptional capability of legal reasoning. Legal reasoning abilit ies are gained through the application of Shariah principles and values of the society (Kamali, 2003). Appropriate Definition In simple meaning, Ijtihad is the self-exertion in any action. However, the attribute of hardship must exist in the action. In other words, Ijtihad is an effort exerted by an individual in any action. In addition, the effort put in place does not apply in physical activity rather in intellectual actions. As such, Ijtihad is the entire outlay of endeavor of well-respected individual Islamic scholars to deduce with increased level of probability that the decision made or solution offered to the a given issues through the application of principles and rules of Shariah drawn from detailed evidence sources is accurate and can be practiced over time (Kamali, 2003). Essentially, the application of Ijtihad involves inferences from various sources, including Shariah. In fact, Ijtihad consists of deductions that result from the probability. From this sense, Ijtihad can not be said to be drawn from the clear texts. In addition, one cannot claim to be practicing Ijtihad by discovery of some important texts, consulting the experts of Quran or the relevant literature without exercising the individual judgment (Kamali, 2003). In other words, individual judgment is an important component of Ijtihad and remains critical in its application. A jurist or mujtahid practices Ijtihad. In fact, one has to meet certain conditions in order to qualify as a jurist. For instance, one has to have vast knowledge and experience in Islamic laws and Shariah principles. Moreover, for one to qualify as a mujtahid, practical experience in the application of Ijtihad is highly required (Kamali, 2003). Therefore, individuals are not qualified to practice Ijtihad except the mujtahid. Further, mujtahids are highly respected Muslim scholars and legal practitioners. Ijtihad involves the formulation of opinions, particularly drawn from personal judgments and practices. However, spe culations are allowed in most of the Ijtihad practices. The occurrence of conjecture entails that the conclusion made is almost certainly accurate, while the likelihood of inaccuracy is done away with (Kamali, 2003). Moreover, the crucial rules of Shariah are eradicated from the scope of Ijtihad. The reason why influential knowledge of Shariah is eliminated is that such knowledge is positive. In the context total expenditure of an effort, the implication is that there is deficiency of further findings besides the one the jurists have spent their efforts. In cases where the mujtahid is unsuccessful in determine what they ought to have revealed, then such substantiations are invalid (Kamali, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ijtihad in Islamic Banking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ijtihad as Source of Islamic Laws Even though Quran and Sunnah form the major sources of Islamic law, Ijtihad provides the thir d source that brings about the required fundamental unity. The main difference that exists between Ijtihad and other sources is that Ijtihad is dynamic and capable of changing depending on the circumstances, time and place (Kamali, 2003). In other words, Ijtihad is continuously developing as opposed to other sources of Islamic laws that ended their legislation upon the death of the prophets. In this regard, Ijtihad remains to be the only framework through which the divine message can be construed. Moreover, the interpreted divine message is then related to the changing circumstances, time and place of the Muslim community (Kamali, 2003). In fact, Ijtihad is critical for the Muslim community, particularly in the ambitions to achieve increased truth, deliverance and impartiality. Moreover, Ijtihad must be derived from the divine disclosure of Islamic laws and principles. Therefore, its validity is continuously measured according to the level in which it corresponds to other sources of Islamic laws (Kamali, 2003). Ijtihad is the main framework through which the level of synchronization between disclosure and explanation required in the Shariah is provided, attained and maintained. In fact, besides Quran and Sunnah, other sources of Islamic laws are expressions of Ijtihad (Kamali, 2003). However, differences normally exist in the expressions, which are critical in the growth and development of Ijtihad. The differences that exist in diverse expressions are the source of transformations required to suit different circumstances, times and places within the Muslim society. Moreover, the differences must be practical in disposition. Ijtihad always finds consensus on public opinion, juristic preferences and takes into consideration public interests as well as correspondence (Kamali, 2003). The Scope of Ijtihad Ijtihad must be practiced within the Shariah laws and principles (Kamali, 2003). The reason is that Ijtihad is concerned with the practical rules of Shariah, whic h control the demeanor of individuals to whom the set of laws pertain. In other words, the application of Ijtihad is not only restricted to purely rational and habitual issues but to issues that are discernible to sanity. However, Ijtihad does not deduce from proofs with unswerving connotation, or that does not necessitate further explanation, particularly from the Quran (Kamali, 2003). In other words, issues that have one correct view cannot be deduced in Ijtihad. For instance, the creation of the universe, the God’s existence, the obligatory status of the pillars of Islam as well as the existence of the prophets cannot be applied concerning Ijtihad. The reason is that such issues are evident truths of Shariah, which are exercised as they are in the texts (Kamali, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, Ijtihad surmise from substantiations that are genuine but tentative in implication (Kamali, 2003). Moreover, Ijtihad draws from confirmations that have unconvinced legitimacy but have unambiguous connotation. In addition, Ijtihad draws from proofs that are exploratory in both legitimacy and denotation. In all these issues, Ijtihad will normally take the form of analogical deduction, juristic inclinations as well as the consideration of the public interests. The Value of Ijtihad One of the critical aspects of Ijtihad is that it is a religious obligation. In addition, Ijtihad is a shared commitment of the qualified mujtahid in matters that need further analysis. However, mujtahid has individual responsibilities of providing guidance on issues that may arise and need further interpretation from the religious sources (Kamali, 2003). Moreover, Ijtihad becomes critical in the event that the possibility of losing the cause of justice or truth is increased, particularly when the explanations is not provided. In most cases, Ijtihad has to be applied in issues that directly affect the society, particularly where ambiguity in meaning is present. Moreover, Ijtihad is recommended in all cases that have no contradictions in meaning and need further elucidations of mujtahid (Kamali, 2003). However, Ijtihad is not often drawn on when contradictions in the explanation of critical set of laws of Quran exists. The conclusions that are reached under the tenets of Ijtihad have to be observed whether challenged or not since such decisions are practically the same as divine authority. As such, any decision under Ijtihad is considered applicable irrespective of being challenged. The reason is that the challenge may arise from various periods or circumstances (Kamali, 2003). In other words, the decision reached or provided under Ijtihad is valid under prearranged circumstances. The Practice of Ijtihad in the Modern Muslim Society Ijtihad is also considered as one of the sou rces of Sunni law. In most cases, respected and qualified Muslim scholars and practitioners have the task of making Ijtihad decisions. Jurists charged with making Itjihad decisions commonly known as the mujtahid must have particular qualifications or meet certain conditions. In fact, mujtahid is highly respected Islamic scholars. Most importantly, Quran and Hadith form the basis through which the knowledge of Ijtihad is majorly drawn (Kamali, 2003). In other words, the scholars apply the Islamic principles as well as analogical reasoning to provide solutions to the problems affecting the society. In most cases, majority argues that scholars have the religious duty of applying analogical reasoning to find legal solutions to the problems affecting the society. Ijtihad has been practiced for centuries and has offered legal solutions besides the Shariah laws. However, the relationship between the legal decisions drawn from Shariah laws and Ijtihad is diminutive (Kamali, 2003). In fact, Muslim scholars are expected to be competent while interpreting Ijtihad through the application of Shariah principles. The application of Ijtihad in the current Muslim society has been questioned. However, most Muslim scholars argue that without Ijtihad, various decisions regarding diverse aspects of society cannot be attained by the application of Shariah laws only (Kamali, 2003). The fact is that Shariah laws and principles are static. In other words, the Shariah laws and principles are definitely distinct and need no further interpretations. Such legal matters have to be applied as definite within the Shariah laws. Without Ijtihad, dynamic industries such as banking and finance could have not been operational. Ijtihad is the source of Islamic laws that allows flexibility. In other words, Ijtihad is applied depending on circumstances, time and place. Therefore, an argument that Ijtihad cannot be applied in the contemporary society is invalid. Essentially Ijtihad has to be applied together with Shariah in order to gain some elasticity in various decisions that require interpretation of the Islamic laws (Kamali, 2003). Ijtihad and the Islamic Banking The majority of current legal decisions regarding financial products within the Islamic banking system borrow hugely from the principles of Ijtihad. The reason is that the principles of Ijtihad suit the changing circumstances at diverse periods and places (Kamali, 2003). In fact, new laws governing Islamic banking processes are reached upon by acknowledging the rationale of the previous rulings as well as the significance of the derived benefits under the changing circumstances. In the context of Islamic banking and finance, Ijtihad is used to derive governing rules drawn from the basic principles of Shariah to address the needs of the people at different times and places (Kamali, 2003). In principle, Ijtihad forms the legal basis that has increased capability of changing. In other words, Ijtihad rules are capable of changing depending on the circumstances, period and places. Due to the adaptability, Ijtihad can be applied suitably in such areas as economics and finance that constantly change with time (Kamali, 2003). In definite context, the pecuniary set of laws derived from Ijtihad is liable to adjust in terms of the perspective of its usage. In addition, novel financial set of laws should focus on the activities that increase the well-being of all the stakeholders. In other words, attaining the optimal benefits to the stakeholders should be the major goal of coming up with financial regulations through the application of Ijtihad within Islamic banking dealings. The Development of Islamic Banking Products and Services As indicated, all processes of Islamic banks are controlled by Shariah laws. In other words, Shariah principles are used to control all matters of Islam, including economic, social, political and cultural aspects of society (Kamali, 2003). Ijtihad, being reasoning from quali fied scholars, is one of the significant sources of Islamic laws that control the processes of Islamic banking. In fact, the current Islamic banking processes, products and services offered are developed through the application of two important concepts. The first approach is through the identification of existing up to standard predictable products and services. The conformist products and services are then custom-made through the removal of prohibited elements in order to be compliant with Shariah principles. Secondly, Islamic laws are drawn on to aid in coming up with innovative and novel banking products and services that are acceptable to the stakeholders (Kamali, 2003). The approaches also apply Ijtihad in order to come up with products and services that endure time. In other words, products and services that changes with adjustments in time and place. In addition, the development of the Islamic banking products and services borrows hugely from the theoretical perspectives suc h as human relations. In fact, such assumptions are based on the practices of Islamic laws. Ijtihad is one of the sources of Islamic laws that form the fundamental reference to the application of the theoretical perspectives (Kamali, 2003). The theory of human relations is normally applied in the development of Islamic banking products and services. Moreover, the principle of human relations forms the basis of all the Islamic commercial laws and regulations. The principle of human relations are founded within Ijtihad and is closely related to Shariah principles that are concerned with respect for universal emancipations, social justice, impartiality, economic freedom, transparency and responsibility in all pecuniary issues (Kamali, 2003). Besides, the Shariah principles require that the Islamic banking system operate within the acceptable limits of Shariah laws. In other words, the financial transactions and agreements should not include elements that are prohibited by law such as w rongful gains, products as well as processes that are forbidden in Islamic practices. Ijtihad rules govern the financial transactions, agreements, products and services of Islamic banking and are in agreement with the Shariah principles (Kamali, 2003). In fact, most Islamic scholars agree that Islamic banking processes and procedures should be anchored within the Shariah principles. Moreover, the Islamic scholars agree that the Islamic banking regulations should integrate both the religious principles and ethical values. In other words, both the religious and ethical values should be applied in the transactions as well as product and services development. In fact, Ijtihad in agreement with Shariah principles forms the basis in which most products and services offered by Islamic banking are developed (Kamali, 2003). The case in point is where the major product offered to the probable clients is asset funding. In fact, the stated asset funding is based on the concept of income distrib ution, which is always undertaken in the form of Murabahah. Additionally, the model of sharing the proceeds is carried out in the form of profit and loss sharing principles commonly known as the Musharakah (Kamali, 2003). According to the Islamic banking system, Murabahah contracts are constantly developed to form the basis in which the working capital through short-term financing can be achieved. Both Musharakah and Murabahah are Islamic banking products that originate from the Shariah principles (Kamali, 2003). In other words, the products are within the confines of Shariah laws and principles. However, with changing circumstances, the financial products need to expand in order to take into consideration the changing needs of the people in different places in the world and at diverse times. The only source through which such changes can be taken into consideration is Ijtihad (Kamali, 2003). Essentially, Ijtihad provides the framework through which changes that have occurred can be incorporated and harmonised with Shariah principles. Even though transformations have to be taken into consideration, the products have to remain within the confines of Shariah. The evolution occuring in the financial market has also resulted into new products and services. Since other sources of Islamic laws terminated with the death of the divine prophet, Ijtihad remains to be the only way through which these new products can be defined within the Shariah principles (Kamali, 2003). For instance, in the conventional Islamic banking system, the Shariah rules were utilised in the design of debt financing procedures. However, the changing needs of the market enabled increased capabilities to deal with the coming challenges. According to the Shariah rules, principal asset or assets must be backed by any transactions (Kamali, 2003). Ijtihad provides solution to the conflict existing in the current understanding of the asset and the conventional requirements of the Islamic laws. Essenti ally, the current Islamic banking system applies the dynamic system of belief of Ijtihad in the development of the products and services. Besides, the dynamic tenets of Shariah to practical social, economic and institutional issues and problems of the society can only be explained through Ijtihad (Kamali, 2003). As such, Ijtihad is commonly applied in the interpretation of Shariah principles to provide for changes needed in the social, economic and institutional developments. Moreover, Ijtihad takes into consideration the developments of Shariah regarding individual and social preferences as well as in relation to the institutional codes of belief for public purpose. Besides, the application of preference theory in the development of new products in Islamic banking draws majorly from Ijtihad interpretations of Shariah principles. The preference theory is considered to be advocating for social well-being in the current Muslim society. Ijtihad results into the changes that incorporate the social and economic welfare, which primarily form the basis of new products in the Islamic banking system. Ijtihad forms the framework through which Shariah principles can be developed to consider changes in the society (Kamali, 2003). According to the preference theory scholars, the principles through which Shariah can be developed include the collective clearness as well as the alteration of Shariah to expected and regional demarcation of customs and practices (Kamali, 2003). In addition, Shariah must link the probability of action to the level of physical effort offered. Combining these characteristics is critical in the development of new products that are in line with increasing the social interests of the Muslim community (Kamali, 2003). In other words, the principles are geared towards developing the social security of the Muslim society. Moreover, the principles eradicate inconsistencies that may arise due to changes in the circumstances, places and time. In reality, th e combinations of the principles result in unity, which is essential Shariah requirement (Kamali, 2003). Further, according to preference concepts, the relevance of the Shariah main beliefs do away with incongruity, divergences and discrepancies within the main source of law resulting in unanimity at the elemental stages. The proponents of the theory also argue that the variations as well as differences that are found at the secondary level are not premeditated purpose of the decree (Kamali, 2003). In addition, the aspects of the theoretical perspective of Shariah augment the dynamic view to the ethical laws, which are greatly applied at the institutional levels. The application of transformational nature of moral laws and principles based on the Shariah laws enables institutions such as Islamic banking find ways of developing products and services that suit the needs of society. Moreover, the application of integrating principles of preference theory as well as interactive preferen ces of members of society forms the basis in which modern Islamic institutions develop. In fact, the consideration of necessities of life remains to be a significant elemental in the development of the life-fulfilling products and services. At the basis of preference conceptual framework, social needs for comfort and refinement of life remain critical components (Kamali, 2003). Basic needs and comfort, as well as refinements, are considered critical life-fulfillments at the higher levels of socio-economic developments. Therefore, important and relevant institutions such as banking and finance have to consider such fundamental components while developing products and services. Besides, the dynamic basic needs of socio-economic development are construed within the concepts of preference theory, which advocates for the public course. As such, all the institutions within Islamic society have to be established for public purpose. Essentially, the preference concepts are based on Ijtihad, which forms the basis for the interpretation of Shariah (Kamali, 2003). Ijtihad and the Standardisation of Islamic Banking Procedures Standardisation is one of the major emerging issues in current Islamic banking system. Islamic scholars are debating on whether standardisation is possible under the Islamic banking system. Majority of Islamic scholars have argued that standardisation is not possible under the tenets of Islamic laws governing the processes of Islamic banking system. According to the conventional scholars, Ijtihad makes consistency of Islamic banking practices impossible (Kamali, 2003). However, the proponents of the standardisation argue that being deficient in homogeneous regulations impede innovation. The reason is that each jurisdiction will always advocate for what is best in their circumstances. In addition, most of the proponents of standardisation argue that in order to enhance development in the banking sector, a global framework is highly required. Further, with the increased asset value and rapid expansion of Islamic banking system, there is need for a strong global and homogeneous regulatory framework. Moreover, deficiency in Islamic money markets, insufficient derived market for Sukuk as well as feeble liquidity infrastructure further deteriorates the Islamic banking system. In other words, standardisation will enable Islamic banking benefit from the developed global money market as well as infrastructure. On the contrary, opponents of harmonisation of Islamic banking procedures argue that standardisation does not enable creativity in the development of new products. Moreover, standardisation of the Islamic banking procedures may lead to the move towards conventional banking system creating no differences and violates the Islamic principles upon which the Islamic banking system is created. Even in the situation where Islamic rules are applied, standardisation enables the rules become more difficult to apply particularly with the int roduction of new products and services. In addition, most of the bankers are unfamiliar with several Islamic financial concepts making it difficult to implement uniform regulations in some boarders (Kamali, 2003). Moreover, there is lack of unvarying documents available to the public on the Shariah resolutions upon which the standardised regulations can be referred. Most importantly, the differences arising from diverse Islamic scholarly views on the issue of conformity with Shariah principles makes it difficult to standardise the operations of Islamic banking system (Kamali, 2003). As a result, most interpretations of various opinions are conducted within Ijtihad. In the current Islamic banking system, Ijtihad is applied in the clarification of concepts, principles as well as conditions of Shariah particularly in contractual agreements. Moreover, Ijtihad provides the basis in which certain decisions are made regarding matters relating to Shariah conditions, mechanisms and implement ation of contractual agreements. As indicated, Ijtihad remains a critical element in which the design and development of new Islamic banking products and systems are based (Kamali, 2003). Moreover, standardisation would mean synchronising some of the Shariah principles, which is against the religious practices. In order to avoid such contradictions, the functioning of various institutions, including the Islamic banking should be given wider interpretations of the law, including Ijtihad. However, such interpretations should be drawn from the Shariah principles. Besides, the need to change with the changing circumstances explains the reason why banking procedures cannot be standardised. Harmonisation of rules and procedures is not applicable in highly dynamic industries such as banking and finance. In fact, the standardisation of rules and procedures under the Shariah laws is against the fundamental assumptions of Ijtihad. Actually, Ijtihad has existed for many centuries and has been applied in Islamic banking and finance industry to establish changes required depending on the circumstances. Under the situations where the regulatory framework is highly considered, Ijtihad is not applicable. The application of consistent rules is also against the principle that Shariah law can be applied at all the time and places. Essentially, Ijtihad is what makes Shariah dynamic and capable of being applied in diverse circumstances. Reference Kamali, M. H. (2003). Principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society. This essay on Ijtihad in Islamic Banking was written and submitted by user Brianna Snyder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Report on Nothing But The Truth essays

Report on Nothing But The Truth essays In the book Nothing But The Truth, I feel that Philips dad, Mr. Mallory, is to blame. For the spreading and the rumors of Philip showing his display of patriotism. There are several things that happened in the book that has led me to believe and feel this way. I feel that the whole incident was taken way to far. Things just started getting way out of control. Now, Im going to tell you about what happened in the book so that youll feel that Mr. Mallory is to blame too. Philip does not like his English teacher Miss Narwin, because he got a D in the class, which makes it so that he can not make the track team. You have to have passing grades to make the track team at Philips school. A D is not a passing grade at Philips school. Instead of being mad at himself hes mad at Miss Narwin for it. Phil found out that he got transferred into Miss Narwins homeroom class too. Philip was pretty upset over this because he pretty much hates her for giving him a D in English. Every morning in homeroom the school plays the National Anthem. The first day that Philip was in Miss Narwins homeroom during the song, he starting humming along with it. She asked him nicely to stop but he continued to do it to annoy her because he didnt like her. She then asked him to stop again and while he continued to hum, she asked him to leave. Philip was sent down to the assistance principals office and talked to Dr. Palleni. That night Philip told his father what happened. But Philip never told them about how he did not like Miss Narwin, and that he was doing it to annoy her. He just told them that she did not like him for some reason. Mr. Mallory told Philip that he seen nothing wrong with what he was doing and told him to stand up for what he believed in and that he would stand behind him on this one. The next day, during homeroom Philip started to...

Java Graphical user interface (GUI) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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